Desempenho, frequência de diarreia, produção de fezes e custos de dietas com teores crescentes de farelo de abacaxi para leitões desmamados / Performance, diarrhea frequency, feces production and costs of diets with increasing levels of pineapple byproducts in weaned piglets

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar dietas com teores crescentes de farelo de abacaxi na alimentação de leitões desmamados. Foram utilizados 56 leitões, no intervalo de 21 a 63 dias de idade, que receberam dietas compostas principalmente por milho, farelo de soja e produtos lácteos, com adição de farelo de abacaxi em 0%, 3,4%, 6,8% e 10,2%. Foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico; a incidência de diarreia; as excreções nas fezes, totais e por unidade de peso vivo ganho, de matérias seca (MS), mineral (MM) e orgânica (MO), nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P); os custos relativos ao ganho de peso dos animais e os índices de eficiência econômica e de custo. As avaliações foram efetuadas dos 21 aos 35 dias; dos 21 aos 49 dias; e dos 21 aos 63 dias de idade dos leitões. Adotou-se delineamento em blocos ao acaso, de acordo com os pesos dos animais no início do experimento, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições. Dos 21 aos 49 dias os animais submetidos às dietas com 3,4 e 6,8% de farelo de abacaxi consumiram mais ração (P<0.05) do que os alimentados com a dieta controle, e dos 21 aos 63 dias verificou-se maior ganho de peso (P<0.05) somente dos animais que receberam a dieta com 3,4% de farelo de abacaxi em relação aos leitões controle. Dos 21 aos 63 dias os animais que receberam as dietas com farelo de abacaxi apresentaram excreções de MS, MM, MO e N superiores (P<0.05) às dos animais controle. Contudo, ao se verificarem as excreções destes componentes nas fezes por unidade de peso vivo ganho neste mesmo período, foi constatado que não houve diferença (P>0.05) entre os leitões que receberam as dietas sem farelo de abacaxi e os que consumiram a dieta com 3,4% do produto. Portanto, a inclusão do farelo de abacaxi em dietas para leitões desmamados em 3,4% é viável, por não interferir negativamente nas excreções por unidade de peso vivo ganho e nos índices de custos das dietas e por proporcionar melhor ganho de peso aos leitões em relação àqueles que não consumiram farelo de abacaxi.(AU)

This research aimed to evaluate diets with growing levels of pineapple meal in weaned piglets feeding. Fifty-six piglets, from 21 to 63 days old, were fed diets composed mainly of corn, soybean meal, and dairy products, with the addition of pineapple byproduct in 0%, 3.4%, 6.8% and 10.2%. The parameters evaluated were: growth performance; diarrhea incidence; excretion in feces, total and per unit of weight gain, of dry (DM), mineral (MM) and organic (OM) matters, nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P); diet costs related to weight gain, index of economic efficiency and of costs. The evaluations were performed from 21 to 35 days; from 21 to 49 days; and from 21 to 63 days of age. A complete randomized block design was adopted, according to the animal's weight in the beginning of the trial, with four treatments and seven repetitions. From day 21 to 49 the animals fed diets with 3.4 and 6.8% of pineapple meal consumed more feed (P<0.05) than those fed the control diet, and from day 21 to 63 only the animals that received the diet with 3.4% of pineapple presented a higher weight gain (P<0.05) than control piglets. From day 21 to 63 animals fed diets with pineapple meal presented higher (P<0.05) excretions of DM, MM, OM, and N than the control animals. However, checking the excretions of these components in the feces per unit of live weight gain in the same period, it was found that there was no difference (P>0.05) among the piglets fed diets without pineapple meal and those who consumed the diet with 3.4% of the product. Thus, the inclusion of pineapple meal in weaned piglet's diets at 3.4% is feasible, because it did not interfere negatively on excretions per unit of live weight gain and in diet cost indices, and provided better weight gain to the animals, as compared with pigs who did not consume pineapple meal.(AU)

Organic acids in diets of weaned piglets: performance, digestibility and economical viability / Ácidos orgânicos em dietas para leitões desmamados: desempenho, digestibilidade e viabilidade econômica

Organic acids are used as feed additives to promote growth of weaned piglets since they prevent the occurrence of diarrhea. Thus, performance and digestibility assays were conducted and economic viability of diets was evaluated. In the performance assays, 64 hybrid piglets weaned with a mean weight of 5.87±0.31kg were divided in a randomized block design consisting of 4 treatments, 8 repetitions and 2 piglets per experimental unit (1 castrated male and 1 female). In the digestibility assay, 24 castrated male hybrid piglets with a mean weight of 8.21±0.79kg were individually assigned to 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments in the two assays were as follows: control, basal diet without addition of an acidifier; blend: inclusion of 0.5% of a mixture of organic acids; butyrate: inclusion of 0.1% of sodium butyrate; blend+butyrate: inclusion of 0.5% of a mixture of organic acids and 0.1% sodium butyrate. There was no effect (P>0.05) of the acidifiers on animal performance during the period studied. Organic acids exerted no effect (P>0.05) on the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. Diets supplemented with sodium butyrate had an economic advantage for the period of 10-24 days. No episode of diarrhea was observed. This study demonstrated no effect of acidifier feed additives as growth promoters in complex diets for weaned piglets.(AU)

Ácidos orgânicos são utilizados como aditivos promotores de desempenho em leitões, pois podem prevenir a ocorrência de diarreias. Para tanto, foram conduzidos ensaios de desempenho, digestibilidade, e foi avaliada a viabilidade econômica das dietas. No desempenho, foram utilizados 64 leitões híbridos desmamados, com peso médio de 5,87±0,31kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos, oito repetições e dois leitões por unidade experimental (sendo um macho castrado e uma fêmea). Na digestibilidade, 24 leitões machos, castrados, híbridos, com peso médio de 8,21±0.79kg, foram alojados individualmente em quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Em ambos os ensaios, os tratamentos foram: controle: dieta basal sem uso de acidificante; Blend: inclusão de 0,5% da mistura de ácidos orgânicos; butirato: inclusão de 0,1% de butirato de sódio; Blend+Butirato: inclusão de 0,5% da mistura de ácidos orgânicos e 0,1% butirato de sódio. Não houve efeito dos acidificantes (P>0,05) sobre o desempenho no período estudado. Não houve efeito dos ácidos orgânicos (P>0,05) sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. Dietas com suplementação de butirato de sódio apresentaram melhor vantagem econômica para o período de 10-24 dias. Não houve incidência de diarreia em nenhum período. Não ficou evidenciado o efeito dos aditivos acidificantes como promotores de crescimento em dietas complexas para leitões desmamados.(AU)

Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Broken Rice Fed to Postweaned Piglets with or without Multicarbohydrase and Phytase Supplementation.

Most of amino acid (AA) digestibility values for feed ingredients are obtained using pigs cannulated in the distal ileum. The ileal-cannulated pig model uses pigs older than six weeks due to difficulties related to implanting the T-cannula in distal ileum of younger pigs and complications during the post-surgical recovery. However, to properly formulate the diet of weaned pigs, the nutritive value of feed ingredients should be determined with younger pigs. Thus, 25 weaned pigs were used to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) ileal AA digestibility of broken rice (BR), with or without multicarbohydrase (MC) and phytase (Phy) supplementation. Piglets were weaned at 23 d of age and individually housed in digestibility cages until 45 d of age. The trial consisted of 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets and 3 d of excreta (feces and urine) collection. Ileal digesta was collected at slaughter (about 6 weeks of age). A completely randomized experimental design was used to determine the effects of MC and Phy. Reference diets (RD, 5% casein) was replaced by 30% of BR with or without MC, Phy, or MC+Phy. The RD was used to quantify endogenous AA losses. BR with Phy supplied had increased the ATTD of dry matter (p<0.05) and SID of histidine (p = 0.05), arginine, leucine, lysine, valine, alanine, and proline (p<0.05). BR with MC had been increased digestible energy and protein and SID for histidine (p<0.05). There was no interaction between Phy and MC on the BR nutrient digestibilities. Standardized amino acid digestibilities of BR, without enzymes, were lower than those values reported in the literature. The MC and Phy improved the digestibility of some nutrients and energy of BR in post-weaned piglet diets.

Detection of Genetic characterization of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in Brazilian wildlife boars

A semi-intensive wildlife boars farm presented a clinical history of high mortality in 70 - 90 days-old pigs (> 50 %). Two 90 days-old animals with weight loss and wasting were necropsied and the samples tested for PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic material of PCV2 was sequenced and classified into the PCV2a genotype together with PCV2 sequences obtained from samples of Poland, Brazil, Slovenia and Greece wild boars.

Detection of genetic characterization of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in Brazilian wildlife boars

A semi-intensive wildlife boars farm presented a clinical history of high mortality in 70 - 90 days-old pigs (> 50 %). Two 90 days-old animals with weight loss and wasting were necropsied and the samples tested for PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic material of PCV2 was sequenced and classified into the PCV2a genotype together with PCV2 sequences obtained from samples of Poland, Brazil, Slovenia and Greece wild boars.

Detection of Genetic characterization of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in Brazilian wildlife boars.

A semi-intensive wildlife boars farm presented a clinical history of high mortality in 70 - 90 days-old pigs (> 50 %). Two 90 days-old animals with weight loss and wasting were necropsied and the samples tested for PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic material of PCV2 was sequenced and classified into the PCV2a genotype together with PCV2 sequences obtained from samples of Poland, Brazil, Slovenia and Greece wild boars.

Efeito da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e sobre o desempenho / The effect of the addition of trofic agents in weaned piglet diets over the structure and ultra-structure of small intestine and over performance

Foram estudados os efeitos da glutamina, dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e da parede celular de levedura (PCL) sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e o desempenho de leitões. Foram utilizados 45 leitões, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, para testar os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - dieta basal; T2 - dieta basal + 1 por cento de glutamina; T3 - dieta basal + 0,2 por cento de PCL; T4 - dieta basal + 5 por cento de óleo de peixe. Nos dias sete e 14 pós-desmame, foram abatidos cinco leitões de cada tratamento. Os aditivos testados não alteraram a altura e a densidade dos vilos nem a profundidade das criptas do intestino delgado. Foi observado efeito de idade, mostrando redução na altura e na densidade dos vilos e na profundidade das criptas após o desmame. No duodeno e jejuno, foram observados maiores valores de relação vilo:cripta, que aumentaram com a idade pós-desmame. Ocorreram redução da altura dos microvilos do duodeno aos sete dias e aumento da largura dos microvilos do jejuno aos 14 dias pós-desmame. A área de superfície apical dos enterócitos não foi alterada pelos fatores estudados. Os aditivos estudados não foram eficientes em prevenir a atrofia da mucosa intestinal do jejuno, ao não interferir na sua ultraestrutura. Os aditivos incluídos na dieta não influenciaram o desempenho dos leitões no pós-desmame.

The effects of glutamine, poliunsatured fatty acids and cellular wall of yeast (CWY) under the structure and ultra structure of the small gut and the performance of the piglets were studied. Forty five piglets weaned at 21 days were used to test the following treatments: T1 - basal diet; T2 - basal diet + 1 percent of glutamine; T3 - basal diet + 0,2 percent of CWY; T4 - basal diet + 5 percent of fish oil. At seven and 14 post weaning days, five piglets of each treatment were slaughtered. The height, density of villus and depth of small gut crypts were not altered by the inclusion of additives. The effect of age was observed, showing a reduction in the height and density of villus and depth of crypts after weaning. In duodenum and jejunum higher values were observed in the relation villus:crypt, which increased with the post wean age. There was a decrease in the height of microvillus of the duodenum at 7 days and an increase of the width of the microvillus of jejunum at 14 days after wean. The area of the apical surface of the enterocytes was not altered by the studied factors. The studied additives were not efficient to prevent the atrophy of the intestinal mucosa of the jejunum, since they did not interfere on its ultra structure. Piglet performance was not affected by the additives included in the diet.

Qualitative feed restriction for heavy swines: effect on digestibility and weight of organs of digestive tract, and environmental impact of feces / Restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos pesados: efeito sobre digestibilidade e peso dos órgãos do trato digestório e impacto ambiental das fezes

A total of 50 barrows were used to evaluate qualitative feed restriction on digestibility of dietary components, weight of organs of digestive tract, and composition and production of feces. Five experimental diets, with increasing levels of qualitative feed restriction of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent were used. There was linear reduction (P<0.001) of all digestibility coefficients on the levels of qualitative feed restriction, except for acid detergent fiber, which presented a quadratic response (P<0.05). Contents of total solids (P<0.01), volatile solids (P<0.05), and total minerals (P<0.001) in the feces augmented with increasing levels of qualitative feed restriction, whereas the levels of K (P<0.05), Cu (P<0.01), N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn (P<0.001) presented a quadratic response. Daily feces excretion; and contents of total solids, volatile solids, total minerals, and levels of N, P, K, Mn, and Cu (P<0.001) and Ca, Na, Mg, and Fe (P<0.05) presented a clear increase in function of the qualitative feed restriction level. Qualitative feed restriction can be an alternative for the disposal of agribusiness waste, providing good crop-fertilizing by the use of swine feces.

Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos castrados para avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar qualitativa sobre a digestibilidade dos componentes dietéticos, os órgãos do trato digestório, a composição e a produção fecal. Foram utilizadas cinco dietas experimentais, com níveis de restrição qualitativa de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 por cento. Houve redução linear (P<0,001) para todos os coeficientes de digestibilidade, com exceção da fibra em detergente ácido, que apresentou resposta quadrática (P<0,05). Os teores de sólidos totais (P<0,01) e voláteis (P<0,05), e minerais totais (P<0,001) nas fezes aumentaram com os níveis de restrição alimentar, enquanto os níveis de K (P<0,05), Cu (P<0,01) e de N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe e Zn (P<0,001), apresentaram resposta quadrática. A excreção diária de fezes, sólidos totais e voláteis, minerais totais, N, P, K, Mn e Cu (P<0,001), Ca, Na, Mg e Fe (P<0,05) apresentaram aumento em função do nível da restrição alimentar qualitativa. A restrição qualitativa pode ser alternativa para destinação de resíduos da agroindústria, conferindo boas propriedades às fezes suínas, no que diz respeito à utilização para adubação de culturas.